Title
Cellulose beads, cellulose-based metal-organic frameworks and heteropolyacids in water treatment: a review
Authors
NOMTHANDAZO MKHIZE, SAMSON MOHOMANE and TSHWAFO ELIAS MOTAUNG

Received April 3, 2025
Published Volume 60 Issue 3-4 March-April
Keywords cellulose, MOFs, HPAs, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, catalytic reduction

Abstract
Water treatment is crucial for ensuring the availability of clean and safe drinking water, and the increasing prevalence of water contamination has driven the development of advanced functional materials for efficient purification. This critical review presents a comprehensive evaluation of cellulose-based materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and heteropolyacids (HPAs) for water treatment applications. Emphasis is placed on the preparation strategies of cellulose beads, cellulose-based MOFs (CelloMOFs), and HPAs, along with their structural features and functional properties. The performance of these materials in adsorption processes for removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and dyes is systematically discussed. In addition, their photocatalytic and catalytic reduction degradation activities are examined, particularly their roles in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Overall, this review highlights recent progress, identifies current limitations, and outlines prospects for the development of efficient and sustainable water purification systems, with particular emphasis on preparation methods.